Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Mechanism
Autoimmune diseases are defined as a clinically heterogeneous group of more than 80 disorders characterized by an abnormal immunological reaction to self-antigens, leading to tissue damage and dysfunction that can affect specific organs or entire body systems, including the endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, or neurological systems.[1.1] In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces proteins known as autoantibodies that target the body's own healthy tissues, signaling the body to attack them.[2.1] This misidentification of self-tissues as foreign invaders is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, which can manifest through various symptoms depending on the specific condition and the tissues involved.[3.1] The underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity involve a breakdown of immune tolerance, which is the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self.[40.1] This breakdown can occur due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.[19.1] Genetic predispositions, such as specific genetic abnormalities, can increase the likelihood of autoantibody production, while environmental factors, including exposure to certain viruses, toxins, and chemicals, may also play a significant role.[20.1] Furthermore, the interactions between these factors are crucial for the development of autoimmunity, as they can lead to the dysregulation of natural autoantibodies and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies.[19.1] Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms are essential in maintaining immune tolerance. Central tolerance occurs in the bone marrow and thymus, where autoreactive lymphocytes are selectively eliminated before they can enter the peripheral circulation.[39.1] Peripheral tolerance mechanisms act later to redirect immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage.[37.1] When these tolerance mechanisms fail, it can result in the activation of autoreactive T and B cells, leading to the development of autoimmune diseases.[42.1] Overall, the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, affecting approximately 5% of the population in Western countries.[42.1]Common Symptoms
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) exhibit several overlapping symptoms that can profoundly affect a patient's daily life and overall well-being. These include fatigue, fever, and weight changes, which reflect immune system activity, whether in response to an external virus or due to the body attacking its own tissues.[44.1] Joint pain and stiffness are prevalent in both RA and lupus. In RA, these symptoms often start in the small joints, such as those in the fingers or toes, but can extend to larger joints like the knees or shoulders.[45.1] RA is also marked by warm, swollen, and painful joints, along with morning stiffness or stiffness after inactivity.[46.1] Despite these similarities, lupus patients may experience additional symptoms not typically seen in RA, such as a distinctive malar rash, often described as a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose.[47.1] This rash is a crucial diagnostic indicator for lupus, as skin involvement is uncommon in RA.[47.1] Both conditions significantly contribute to disability and a diminished quality of life for those affected, underscoring the importance of understanding these symptoms for effective management and treatment.[48.1]In this section:
History
Milestones in Autoimmune Research
The mid-20th century marked a significant turning point in the understanding and acceptance of autoimmune diseases within the medical community. Initially, many diseases classified under the autoimmune umbrella were considered "of unknown cause" until the early 1960s. This period witnessed a seismic shift in medical perspectives, culminating in the publication of Mackay and Burnet's influential book, The Autoimmune Diseases, in 1963, which served as a key signpost in the recognition of autoimmune conditions.[57.1] The 1940s and 1950s were pivotal decades for autoimmune research, with the discovery of the first autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors, which became diagnostic features for systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively.[50.1] Concurrently, studies on chronic thyroiditis and other conditions led to a broader acceptance of autoimmune diseases, as researchers like Rose and Witebsky demonstrated autoimmune processes in diseases such as Hashimoto's disease.[58.1] This foundational work laid the groundwork for the identification of approximately 150 autoimmune conditions that predominantly affect individuals in their prime, with a notable prevalence among women.[59.1] By the 1960s, the scientific community began to draw connections between certain infections and the development of autoimmune diseases, although the concept of autoimmunity had initially faced skepticism.[58.1] The integration of genetic and environmental factors into the understanding of autoimmune diseases further advanced research, highlighting the multifactorial nature of these conditions.[76.1] Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of autoimmune disorders are at a higher risk, indicating a strong genetic predisposition.[73.1] Recent advancements in clinical laboratory techniques have also transformed the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. For instance, molecular methods such as PCR have emerged as powerful tools for identifying genetic variations associated with these conditions, although they are not typically used as direct diagnostic methods.[63.1] Furthermore, the advent of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies has enabled the development of highly sensitive and specific tests, enhancing the accuracy of disease detection.[64.1] In contemporary research, the impact of viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2, has been highlighted as a significant environmental factor influencing the onset of autoimmune diseases. Studies indicate that individuals who contracted COVID-19 are at an increased risk of developing various autoimmune conditions, with mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading being proposed to explain these associations.[62.1] This evolving understanding underscores the importance of integrating genetic and environmental factors in future diagnostic techniques and treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases.[77.1]Types Of Autoimmune Diseases
Common Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases are broadly classified into organ-specific and systemic types. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases involve the immune system targeting particular organs, whereas systemic autoimmune diseases impact multiple tissues and organs throughout the body.[88.1] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus are among the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. While both conditions can cause joint pain and fatigue, they differ significantly in their manifestations. RA is characterized by persistent joint pain and swelling, whereas lupus symptoms are often intermittent and unpredictable.[119.1] Treatment strategies also vary; RA management aims to prevent joint damage, while lupus requires a comprehensive approach to address its systemic effects.[121.1] Other significant autoimmune diseases include Type 1 diabetes, where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which involves immune-mediated damage to the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.[107.1] Hashimoto's symptoms, such as fatigue, weight gain, and constipation, are managed with medication that replaces lost thyroid hormone.[109.1] Sjögren's syndrome is another autoimmune condition, characterized by the immune system attacking moisture-producing glands, affecting the eyes and mouth.[91.1] Additional examples include ulcerative colitis and vitiligo, highlighting the diverse nature of autoimmune diseases.[90.1] Understanding these common autoimmune diseases is essential for effective management and treatment, as each condition presents unique challenges and requires tailored therapeutic approaches.[121.1]In this section:
Epidemiology
Prevalence and Demographics
Autoimmune diseases are increasingly recognized as a significant public health concern, with an estimated 50 million Americans, or approximately 8% of the U.S. population, affected by these conditions. Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of autoimmune diseases is on the rise, with a reported annual increase in the incidence of global autoimmune diseases by 19.1%.[134.1] Specifically, research from the Mayo Clinic has identified that around 15 million individuals in the U.S. are estimated to have one or more of 105 autoimmune diseases, highlighting the critical need for ongoing assessment of these diseases over time.[165.1] The complexity of autoimmune diseases arises from the interplay of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, which contribute to their evolution from genetic predisposition to clinical manifestation.[136.1] This multifactorial nature suggests that both individual and societal factors play a role in the increasing burden of these diseases. The impact of autoimmune diseases extends beyond individual health, placing significant strain on healthcare systems and families.[164.1] Epidemiological studies have also revealed notable trends in the incidence and prevalence of specific autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. These studies have utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project to analyze trends from 1990 to 2019, indicating changing patterns in disease incidence across different demographics and geographic regions.[163.1] For instance, the analysis of autoimmune diseases in women of childbearing age has shown significant variations in incidence rates, suggesting that targeted public health strategies may be necessary to address these disparities.[163.1]Risk Factors
Autoimmune diseases are influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Several inheritable genetic factors have been identified that contribute to the susceptibility of autoimmune diseases, while various environmental factors have been shown to play a significant role in the onset of these conditions. Despite the identification of these factors, the causes of many autoimmune diseases remain largely unknown, suggesting that the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental triggers is crucial for disease development.[137.1] Research has highlighted the multifactorial nature of autoimmune diseases, with evidence from genome-wide association studies indicating the presence of multiple susceptibility genes, particularly within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC loci. These studies suggest that many autoimmune diseases share a common set of susceptibility genes, underscoring the importance of gene-environment interactions in their etiology.[150.1] For instance, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serves as a notable example where specific predisposing genes have been identified, and the effects of environmental factors, such as certain drugs, have been shown to induce lupus-like autoimmunity in genetically predisposed individuals.[168.1] Environmental agents, including viral infections, hormonal changes, certain medications, and pollutants, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. These agents can lead to epigenetic changes, particularly alterations in DNA methylation, which have been observed in conditions like SLE and rheumatoid arthritis.[167.1] For example, drugs such as procainamide and hydralazine have been found to inhibit DNA methylation, resulting in the overexpression of methylation-sensitive genes and the development of autoreactive T cells, which can contribute to autoimmune responses.[169.1] Furthermore, epigenetic modifications, including histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors, leading to altered gene expression that may predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases.[170.1] Overall, the intricate relationship between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures is essential for understanding the risk factors associated with autoimmune diseases.In this section:
Recent Advancements
Therapeutic Strategies
Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases have significantly improved patient management by focusing on practical applications of new treatments. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting cytokines like TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 have enhanced the treatment of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, offering patients improved daily management options [175.1]. Targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs) have also revolutionized the management of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, though their use requires careful consideration of individual patient profiles and associated risks [176.1]. Cell therapy, particularly CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, has emerged as a promising treatment for autoimmune diseases. Originally developed for hematological malignancies, this therapy selectively depletes CD19-positive B-cells, offering a novel approach to resetting immune dysregulation and potentially achieving long-term remission in refractory autoimmune conditions [186.1]. Early trials have shown promising results in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders, indicating its potential to modulate complex immune responses [188.1]. RNA-based therapeutics are being explored for their ability to regulate aberrant immune signaling pathways in autoimmune diseases. These therapies, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) approaches, offer precision control over gene expression, reducing the risk of broad immune suppression associated with conventional immunosuppressants [190.1]. Recent findings highlight the differential expression of certain miRNAs, such as miR-146a, in autoimmune diseases, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets [193.1]. As research progresses, RNA-based therapies are expected to broaden the therapeutic landscape for managing autoimmune diseases, providing new strategies for treatment and prevention [191.1]. Staying informed about these advancements is crucial for patients, healthcare professionals, and participants in clinical trials, as understanding the implications of new treatments can significantly impact current prevention and management strategies [178.1].Research Innovations
Recent research innovations in the field of autoimmune diseases have led to significant advancements in understanding and treatment strategies. A notable area of focus is the development of precision cellular therapies, particularly CD19-CAR T cell therapies, which have shown promising results in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Additionally, researchers are exploring strategies that directly target antibody-secreting cells to address autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.[171.1] In a groundbreaking study, researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital identified a novel mechanism involving granzyme K (GZMK), a protein that can activate the complement system, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. This discovery challenges the long-standing understanding of the complement system's role in autoimmune diseases and highlights the potential for new therapeutic pathways targeting GZMK.[182.1] The findings suggest that granzyme K may play a critical role in sustaining chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of autoimmune conditions.[183.1] Moreover, ongoing research is emphasizing a shift from generalized immunosuppression to more targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies. This includes advancements in biologics, gene-based therapies, and the integration of artificial intelligence-driven solutions, which are shaping the future of autoimmune disease treatment.[173.1] The exploration of RNA-based therapies, including various types of RNA molecules such as miRNAs and siRNAs, is also gaining traction, offering new potential for managing autoimmune diseases.[174.1]In this section:
Diagnosis And Management
Diagnostic Methods
Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (ADs) typically relies on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests that assess the presence of specific serological and genetic biomarkers, including autoantibodies, peptides, and complement proteins. Early detection of autoimmune diseases is crucial, as it can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent organ damage associated with progressive disease.[219.1] The diagnostic process often involves recognizing patterns of symptoms that can differentiate autoimmune-related conditions from other types of arthritis and diseases. For instance, conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis may present overlapping symptoms, necessitating careful evaluation to establish an accurate diagnosis.[216.1] Biomarkers play a pivotal role in the diagnostic landscape of autoimmune diseases. Current research focuses on three primary groups of proteins that reflect the autoimmune disease process: degradation products from damaged tissues, enzymes involved in tissue degradation, and cytokines associated with immune activation.[218.1] These biomarkers can aid in confirming diagnoses, predicting outcomes, and suggesting tailored treatment options.[217.1] Moreover, understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental factors is essential for diagnosing autoimmune diseases. Research indicates that both inherited genetic predispositions and environmental triggers can interact to influence disease onset, highlighting the complexity of autoimmune pathogenesis.[230.1] Identifying these interactions can enhance the understanding of disease risk profiles and inform more effective management strategies.[231.1]Treatment Options
A comprehensive approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This approach often includes a combination of medical therapies and lifestyle modifications, which can help individuals find a balance between managing their condition and living fully. For instance, patients have reported that embracing both medical and lifestyle changes has significantly aided them in coping with their autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.[221.1] Current therapies for autoimmune diseases tend to be broadly acting and non-disease specific, leading to numerous side effects and highlighting the urgent need for precise and early intervention strategies.[223.1] The complexity of autoimmune diseases necessitates a tailored treatment plan that addresses the unique needs of each patient. This includes not only pharmacological interventions but also the integration of mental health support, as many patients experience significant emotional distress, including depression and anxiety, as a result of their conditions.[235.1] Effective coping strategies are crucial for managing the emotional toll of autoimmune diseases. Patients are encouraged to actively participate in their healthcare by preparing for medical appointments with lists of questions and symptoms, which fosters a partnership with their healthcare providers.[233.1] Additionally, support from caregivers and participation in support groups can provide essential emotional and practical assistance.[232.1] Healthcare providers are urged to recognize the interplay between mental health and autoimmune diseases, as addressing mental health needs can alleviate distress and improve overall patient care.[235.1] By centering mental health in the management of autoimmune diseases, providers can help patients navigate the complexities of their conditions more effectively, ultimately enhancing their quality of life.[234.1]Challenges And Future Directions
Ongoing Research Challenges
Autoimmune diseases present a complex and multifaceted challenge within the medical field, characterized by the immune system's erroneous attacks on the body's own tissues and organs. This complexity necessitates ongoing research to unravel the intricate mechanisms underlying these disorders, which include genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and hormonal influences that contribute to the immune system's misguided responses.[250.1] One significant challenge in the research of autoimmune diseases is the need for a comprehensive understanding of their shared immunopathogenic frameworks. Despite the diversity of these disorders, researchers are beginning to identify commonalities that could inform more effective treatment strategies.[249.1] The labyrinthine landscape of autoimmune diseases requires a multifaceted approach to diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing the importance of continued exploration into the mechanisms that drive these conditions.[251.1] Moreover, effective communication between healthcare providers and patients is crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes. Barriers such as low health literacy and the complexity of health topics can hinder effective communication, making it difficult for patients to engage in their care.[270.1] Addressing these communication challenges is essential for fostering a collaborative approach to treatment, which can significantly enhance patient satisfaction and health outcomes.[271.1]Future Research Opportunities
Future research in autoimmune diseases is poised to explore several promising avenues, particularly in the realms of genetic and environmental interactions, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have identified new monogenic autoinflammatory diseases and their associated mutations, which could enhance our understanding of the clinical phenotypes and pathogenic mechanisms underlying these conditions.[255.1] Furthermore, the identification of common genetic markers, such as those in the HLA Complex and CTLA-4, suggests a polygenic basis for autoimmune diseases, indicating that genetic predispositions play a significant role in disease susceptibility.[257.1] The interplay between genetic factors and environmental triggers is another critical area for future research. Emerging studies highlight the importance of epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, in the development of autoimmune diseases.[265.1] These findings suggest that environmental factors, including exposure to pollutants like bisphenol A (BPA), may act as triggers for autoimmunity, underscoring the need for further investigation into how these factors interact with genetic predispositions.[266.1] Understanding these complex interactions could lead to more personalized approaches in prevention and treatment. Additionally, advancements in RNA-based therapies present new opportunities for managing autoimmune diseases. Research has focused on various RNA molecules, including miRNAs and siRNAs, which have shown potential in targeting specific pathways involved in autoimmune pathogenesis.[258.1] As new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs could offer innovative solutions for patients suffering from these chronic conditions. Finally, the role of patient advocacy and community support is crucial in shaping future research directions. Patient advocacy groups are instrumental in raising awareness and influencing healthcare policies, which can lead to improved treatment options and support systems for individuals with autoimmune diseases.[254.1] By fostering multistakeholder alliances, these groups can help bridge the gap between research findings and clinical practice, ultimately enhancing the quality of care for patients.In this section:
References
[1] Autoimmune Disease - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — 2 Autoimmune disease 2.1 Overview of autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are a clinically heterogeneous group of more than 80 disorders that are commonly defined by an abnormal immunological reaction to self-antigens that results in tissue damage and dysfunction, impacting specific organs or entire body systems such as the endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, or neurological
[2] Autoimmune Diseases Basics: Overview, Symptoms, and Causes — In autoimmune diseases, proteins known as autoantibodies target the body's own healthy tissues by mistake, signaling the body to attack them.
[3] Autoimmune Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More — Autoimmune Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More Common autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which your immune system mistakenly damages healthy cells in your body. What can cause autoimmune disease? Other health conditions: Certain health conditions, including obesity and other autoimmune diseases, may make you more likely to develop an autoimmune disease. What are the common symptoms of an autoimmune disease? With some autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), symptoms may come and go. What are the most common autoimmune diseases? What is the most serious autoimmune disease? Autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are autoimmune diseases that share some symptoms but also have important differences. Type 2 Diabetes: Is It an Autoimmune Disease?
[19] Our Environment Shapes Us: The Importance of Environment and Sex ... — Interactions of multiple factors are required for the development of autoimmunity. Genetic susceptibility, sex chromosomes, sex hormones, infections and microbial stimuli, and environmental factors are all thought to contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis and lead to autoantibody production.
[20] Nature and functions of autoantibodies - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Genetic abnormalities predisposing to autoantibody production. Production of pathogenic autoantibodies implies a substantial breach in tolerance to self-antigens. Genetic studies in humans have indicated that full-blown clinical autoimmune disease results from multiple genetic alterations that are likely to be influenced by environmental factors.
[37] Immune Tolerance Processes in Autoimmune Disease — Other immune tolerance processes act later, redirecting immune responses to prevent excess inflammation and tissue damage. Interactions between the immune system and its environment—including harmless microbes and microbes that cause disease—as well as a person's genetics may influence immune tolerance.
[39] Immunological mechanisms of tolerance: Central, peripheral and the role ... — This regulation is achieved through both central and peripheral immune mechanisms targeting T and B lymphocytes. Central tolerance is a process in which autoreactive lymphocytes are selectively prevented from entering the periphery and occurs in either the bone marrow or the thymus.
[40] Chapter 16: Autoimmunity, Immunologic Tolerance, and Mechanism of ... — Autoimmunity is the breakdown of the immune system's ability to differentiate between self and nonself. Autoimmune disease is used when demonstrable immunoglobulins (autoantibodies, ... This is a breakdown of self immunologic tolerance leading to autoimmune diseases. The different mechanisms through which T and B cell tolerance operate lead
[42] Immunological tolerance and autoimmunity - ScienceDirect — Autoimmune diseases are included between 80 and 100 diseases that have an autoimmune basis, with at least another 40 additional suspected diseases, affecting approximately 5% of the population of Western countries. ... Pathological autoimmunity occurs with the breakdown of immune tolerance. (d) Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial diseases
[44] Can You Have Lupus and Rheumatoid Arthritis at the Same Time? — Common Symptoms. Although lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are different diseases, there are several symptoms that they have in common. Fatigue, fever, and weight loss are common to both. These are the same symptoms that people notice with any immune system activity, whether your body is attacking a virus or attacking its own tissues.
[45] What Is the Difference Between Rheumatoid Arthritis & Lupus? — Symptoms of both rheumatoid arthritis and lupus that are similar include:. Fatigue; Fever; Weight changes ; Joint pain and stiffness. In rheumatoid arthritis, joint pain and stiffness usually begins in the small joints, such as those in the fingers or toes, or may occur in a single, large joint, such as the knee or shoulder.
[46] Rheumatoid Arthritis vs. Lupus: Differences, Symptoms, Testing — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus are autoimmune diseases that cause flare-ups. While RA attacks the immune system on the joints, lupus involves many other parts of the body. Common RA symptoms involve warm, swollen, and painful joints; morning stiffness in the joints or stiffness after inactivity, joint deformity, fever, fatigue, etc. Lupus symptoms include Malar rash (butterfly-shaped rash
[47] Lupus vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis: What's the Difference? — Despite the similarities in the symptoms of lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, people with lupus often experience additional symptoms that typically aren't seen in those with RA. 1. Lupus often causes a rash. "One of the main clues that would indicate lupus is the presence of a rash," says Dr. Agarwal. "RA rarely affects the skin."
[48] Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus ... — Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are two highly prevalent autoimmune diseases that generate disability and low quality of life. The innate immune system, a long-forgotten issue in autoimmune diseases, is becoming increasingly important and represents a new focus for the treatment of these entities.
[50] Origins and history of autoimmunity—A brief review — The studies on chronic thyroiditis and clinical laboratory breakthroughs led to the acceptance of autoimmune disease in the 1950s. The first autoantibodies were discovered in the 1940s when antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors were recognized as the diagnostic features of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively.
[57] WEHI History: 1962 Mackay and Burnet's Autoimmunity Theory | WEHI — "Until the early 1960s, most of the diseases within the autoimmune umbrella were listed as 'of unknown cause'. Within a decade or so, their autoimmune nature was revealed, a 'seismic shift in the landscape of medicine'. In many ways, Mackay and Burnet's book The Autoimmune Diseases published in 1963 was the key signpost.
[58] How has the medical understanding of autoimmune diseases evolved over time? — Initially, the concept of autoimmunity was met with skepticism. However, pivotal studies in the 1950s, such as those by Rose and Witebsky, demonstrated autoimmune processes in conditions like Hashimoto's disease, leading to a broader acceptance of autoimmune diseases within the medical community.
[59] Navigating an enigma: the continuing journey of autoimmunity ... — Autoimmune diseases (ADs) constitute about one hundred and fifty conditions that often afflict people in the prime of their life. ADs are strikingly more common in women and affect around 9% of the US population ().Seminal work performed in the first half of the twentieth century by scientific giants such as Macfarlane, Medawar, Rose, and many others defined key concepts such as immune
[62] A Review Pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the ... — In addition to these complications, studies have also reported new-onset autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection . Three mechanisms explain the development of autoimmune diseases in these patients: molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation [ 7 , 42 ].
[63] PDF — Molecular methods like PCR can be considered a powerful tool in the diagnosis and research of autoimmune diseases, although it is not typically used as a direct diagnostic method. PCR-based techniques can help to identify genetic variations associated with autoimmune diseases, assessing an individual's susceptibility to developing the condition.
[64] PDF — accelerated by advancements in microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and biosensors, which enable highly sensitive and specific tests to be performed quickly and inexpensively. Conclusion The evolution of diagnostic techniques in clinical pathology has not only improved the accuracy of disease detection but has also contributed to the
[73] How Genetics & Autoimmune Diseases are Linked — The Genetic Basis of Autoimmune Diseases. Genetics plays a fundamental role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of autoimmune disorders are at a higher risk of developing similar conditions themselves. This familial clustering suggests a strong genetic predisposition to autoimmune
[76] Genetic Factors of Autoimmune Diseases 2017 - PMC — Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a multifactorial aetiology, in which genetic factors interplay with environmental factors. The different genetic factors are associated not only with disease susceptibility but also with specific autoantibodies and disease phenotypes. Several studies have been conducted on this issue, identifying
[77] Gene-environment interaction in autoimmune disease - PubMed — These factors may act independently, or they may interact, with the effect of one factor influenced by the presence of another. Identifying combinations of genetic and environmental factors that interact in autoimmune disease has the capacity to more fully explain disease risk profile, and to uncover underlying molecular mechanisms contributing
[88] Autoimmune Disease- Definition, Types, and Examples - Microbe Notes — It is useful to distinguish two major patterns of autoimmune disease, the diseases in which the expression of autoimmunity is restricted to specific organs of the body, known as 'organ-specific' autoimmune diseases, and those in which many tissues of the body are affected, the 'systemic' autoimmune diseases. Examples of organ-specific
[90] A-Z Autoimmune Disease List | Global Autoimmune Institute — The list provides a starting point in learning about autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated conditions, with links to other sources that we believe to be accurate and informative. This section is continuously updated. ... Type 1 diabetes / insulin-dependent diabetes Ulcerative colitis Undifferentiated connective tissue disease Vitiligo
[91] Autoimmune Diseases | NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and ... — Autoimmune Diseases | NIAMS A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Asian-Language Resources Portal en español Skin Diseases Grants & Funding Grants & Funding NIAMS-Supported Programs Labs @ NIAMS Labs @ NIAMS NIAMS Scientific Advances Career Development and Outreach @ NIAMS Clinical Trials at NIAMS All NIAMS News NIAMS Newsletters About NIAMS About NIAMS NIAMS Leadership NIAMS Organization NIAMS Budget NIAMS Coalition Skin Health Resources in Other Languages Autoimmune Diseases Autoimmune Diseases Types of Autoimmune Diseases There are several types of autoimmune diseases. Sjogren’s disease happens when the immune system attacks the glands that make moisture in the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body. About NIAMS
[107] Hashimoto's Disease: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic — Hashimoto's disease is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects your thyroid gland. It can cause lower-than-normal levels of thyroid hormone in your body. This affects several areas of your body and causes symptoms like fatigue, weight gain and constipation. Hashimoto's disease is treatable with medication.
[109] Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - Johns Hopkins Medicine — Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common type of this health problem. It is an autoimmune disease. ... Hair and skin changes. Overactive thyroid. ... it can be treated with medicine. The medicine replaces lost thyroid hormone. That should stop your symptoms. Some people with Hashimoto's develop an enlarged thyroid gland called a goiter
[119] Rheumatoid arthritis vs. lupus: What's the difference? — Like rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms of lupus can vary over time. While both rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are autoimmune diseases with overlapping symptoms, there are significant differences between the two. Rheumatoid arthritis often results in consistent pain and swelling in the joints, while lupus symptoms tend to be more sporadic, often appearing and disappearing without a predictable pattern. The treatment approaches for rheumatoid arthritis and lupus differ significantly because they target different aspects of the immune response. Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis focus on managing symptoms and preventing joint damage. Understanding the differences between rheumatoid arthritis and lupus is crucial for effective management and treatment. By staying informed and proactive in managing your health, you can lead a fulfilling life despite the challenges posed by rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
[121] Lupus vs. Other Autoimmune Diseases: The Key Differences — Lupus shares both similarities and key differences with other autoimmune diseases. While it shares overlapping symptoms and genetic predispositions, lupus is unique in its systemic impact on multiple organs, leading to a range of specific symptoms and complications. Managing autoimmune conditions requires personalized care.
[134] The Rise of Autoimmune Diseases | Sjögren's Foundation — Over 50 million Americans (8% of the U.S. population) are affected by autoimmune diseases and current data suggests that the prevalence of autoimmune diseases is rising. 1,3 Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence (rate of new cases) of global autoimmune diseases has risen yearly by 19.1% with rheumatological diseases such as
[136] The Increasing Prevalence of Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases: An ... — The contemporary consensus is that in autoimmune disorders, multiple genetic and environmental risk factors interact in complex ways over long time spans to induce disease evolution from the genetic risk factor stage, to subclinical immune activation and autoimmunity, to early clinical signs and symptoms, and to finally result in a phenotype meeting classification or diagnostic criteria [5,29–31]. * A review of the many risk factors and epidemiology for type 1 diabetes, focusing on the consistent 3–4% annual increase in incidence in many parts of the world that suggests preventative efforts are urgently needed to contain this important and costly autoimmune disease.
[137] Gene/Environment Interaction and Autoimmune Disease — So far, several inheritable genetic factors were identified which explain some autoimmune diseases, while several environmental factors were found to explain others. Still, the cause for most autoimmune disease cases are unknown, leading to the notion that interactions of genetics and environmental factors are responsible for disease onset .
[150] The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease ... - PubMed — The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research - PubMed Search in PubMed The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research Search in PubMed Recent genomewide searches in RA, SLE, and MS provide evidence for multiple susceptibility genes involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC loci; there is also evidence that many autoimmune diseases share a common set of susceptibility genes. The multifactorial nature of the genetic risk factors and the low penetrance of disease underscore the potential influence of environmental factors and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment.
[163] A global assessment of incidence trends of autoimmune diseases from ... — In the present study, we extracted data from GBD 2019, to estimate the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), asthma, and psoriasis in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2019, and further analyze their changing trends over the last thirty years, at global, regional, and national levels. To estimate the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), asthma, and psoriasis in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2019, and to further analyze their changing trends, at global, regional, and national levels.
[164] A population-based study on autoimmune disease - The Lancet — The increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases has become one of the leading concerns in public health.1,2 Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body, leading to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.1 As more people are diagnosed with autoimmune disease, the burden on health-care systems, families, and
[165] New study calculates autoimmune disease prevalence in U.S. — In a new study, Mayo Clinic researchers and collaborators have described — for the first time — the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in the U.S. Their research, published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, reports that about 15 million people are estimated to have one or more of 105 autoimmune diseases. "Knowing the number of patients with an autoimmune disease in the U.S. is critical to assess whether these diseases are increasing or decreasing over time and with treatment," says the study's corresponding author, DeLisa Fairweather, Ph.D., vice-chair of translational research for the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at Mayo Clinic in Florida.
[167] Epigenomics of autoimmune diseases - PMC - National Center for ... — EPIGENETICS OF AUTOIMMUNITY. Autoimmune diseases include greater than 80 disorders, affecting roughly 7% of the population. 20 The interplay of genetic and environmental factors have been proposed to predispose and progress autoimmune disorders. Exposure to UV radiation, infectious agents, tobacco smoke, environmental pollutants and alcohol consumption have all been implicated in autoimmunity
[168] The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases - PMC — Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is used as an example where some predisposing genes are known, cells affected by epigenetic alterations have been identified, and genetic/epigenetic interactions are reported. Procainamide and hydralazine, which cause ANA’s in most people and a lupus-like disease in a genetically predisposed subset , were subsequently found to inhibit DNA methylation , and murine T cells treated with these drugs caused lupus-like autoimmunity in syngeneic mice identical to that caused by 5-azacytidine treated T cells . Studies summarized above demonstrate that the lupus-inducing drugs procainamide and hydralazine are DNA methylation inhibitors , that human CD4 + T cells treated with these drugs or the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine overexpress methylation sensitive genes and become autoreactive, and that murine CD4 + T cells treated with procainamide, hydralazine or 5-azacytidine cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice .
[169] The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders — Epigenetic pathways play a pivotal role in the development and function of the immune system. Over the last decade, a growing body of studies has been published out seeking to explain a correlation between epigenetic modifications and the development of autoimmune disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are involved in the pathogenesis
[170] The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune/Inflammatory Disease — Taken together, we are only beginning to understand the complex involvement of epigenetic events (see Figure 3), including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression in the mixed-pattern disease psoriasis and their involvement in the molecular pathophysiology, organ pattern, and disease progression. Effector CD3+CD4−CD8− “double negative” (DN) T cells in psoriasis patients are epigenetically primed for IFN-γ expression through decreased CpG DNA methylation at a distal enhancer element of the IFNG gene. Altered expression of IL-2 and increased expression of IL-17A in SLE have been linked with impaired CpG DNA methylation and histone modifications in T cells from SLE patients (26, 110, 111).
[171] Highlight of 2023: CAR T cells driving precision therapy for autoimmune ... — This Research Highlight will discuss five key studies from 2023 4-8 that are driving the development and translation of precision cellular therapy for autoimmune disease. While CD19-CAR T cell therapies have shown promising results in SLE, another strategy for autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases is to directly target antibody-secreting cells.
[173] Advancements in Autoimmune Disease Treatment: From Conventional ... — Ongoing research in biologics, gene-based therapies, and artificial intelligence-driven solutions is shaping the future of autoimmune disease treatment. This review highlights recent advancements, emphasizing the shift from generalized immunosuppression to more targeted, personalized, and innovative therapeutic strategies.
[174] Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases — However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs offer new potential for managing ADs. This article reviews the current clinical applications and future prospects of RNA nucleic acid-based therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
[175] Miniproteins may have a big impact: new therapeutics for autoimmune ... — For instance, mAbs targeting cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-17, or IL-23 have significantly improved the management of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and
[176] New targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases and complications in ... — New targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases and complications in acute medicine. ... (tsDMARDs), have revolutionized the management of autoimmune rheumatic disease. However, these medications should be used with caution, taking into account individual patient co-morbidities and evaluating the possibility of risks associated with their use
[178] Autoimmune Disease and Clinical Research Updates: Latest Breakthroughs — Today, staying updated on the latest breakthroughs from clinical trials and understanding how they impact treatment options and current prevention is crucial for patients, participants, and healthcare professionals alike. ... This post aims to shed light on recent advancements in autoimmune disease, including current prevention and treatment
[182] Granzyme K activates the entire complement cascade - Nature — A study finds that a protease called granzyme K can activate the entire complement cascade, explaining how it can drive destructive inflammation in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
[183] Granzyme K identified as key trigger of complement system in autoimmune ... — "Our findings provide new insights into how chronic inflammation might be triggered and sustained in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases," said senior author Michael B. Brenner, MD.
[186] Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases — Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases - ScienceDirect Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases Clinical results have demonstrated that CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells achieve sustained elimination of autoreactive B cells, leading to promising control of autoimmune diseases with minimal safety concerns. Recent clinical trials have shown sustained and profound elimination of autoreactive B cells by CAR-T cells, leading to promising autoimmune disease control with minimal safety concerns. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAR-T cells target autoimmune conditions, summarize current preclinical models, and highlight ongoing clinical trials, including CAR-T therapy design, clinical outcomes, and challenges. Next article in issue No articles found. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[188] Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases — Early trials using anti-CD19 CAR T cells have shown promising results in treating conditions like SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) and other autoimmune disorders (5, 10, 12, 22, 23).Efforts are also underway to develop CARs that target different pathogenic cells, such as plasma cells that produce antibodies, expanding the potential of CAR T cell therapy to modulate complex immune
[190] Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases — However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs offer new potential for managing ADs. This article reviews the current clinical applications and future prospects of RNA nucleic acid-based therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
[191] RNA-based therapeutics: an overview and prospectus — Advertisement View all journals Search Log in Explore content About the journal Publish with us Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature cell death & disease review articles article RNA-based therapeutics: an overview and prospectus Download PDF Download PDF Review Article Open access Published: 23 July 2022 RNA-based therapeutics: an overview and prospectus Yiran Zhu1, Liyuan Zhu1, Xian Wang2 & … Hongchuan Jin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-30971 Show authorsCell Death & Disease volume 13, Article number: 644 (2022) Cite this article 98k Accesses 50 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects Antisense oligonucleotide therapy Drug delivery Abstract The growing understanding of RNA functions and their crucial roles in diseases promotes the application of various RNAs to selectively function on hitherto “undruggable” proteins, transcripts and genes, thus potentially broadening the therapeutic targets. Several RNA-based medications have been approved for clinical use, while others are still under investigation or preclinical trials. Various techniques have been explored to promote RNA intracellular trafficking and metabolic stability, despite significant challenges in developing RNA-based therapeutics. In this review, the mechanisms of action, challenges, solutions, and clinical application of RNA-based therapeutics have been comprehensively summarized.
[193] MicroRNA in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases - PMC — It is clear that miRNAs are emerging as potential targets or tools for new therapeutic strategies in the treatment/prevention of autoimmune disorders. miRNA therapies could involve administration of a specific miRNA to downregulate specific target genes or the blocking of certain miRNA to increase expression of target genes.
[216] Autoimmune Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More - Healthline — Autoimmune Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More Common autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which your immune system mistakenly damages healthy cells in your body. What can cause autoimmune disease? Other health conditions: Certain health conditions, including obesity and other autoimmune diseases, may make you more likely to develop an autoimmune disease. What are the common symptoms of an autoimmune disease? With some autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), symptoms may come and go. What are the most common autoimmune diseases? What is the most serious autoimmune disease? Autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are autoimmune diseases that share some symptoms but also have important differences. Type 2 Diabetes: Is It an Autoimmune Disease?
[217] Guidelines for biomarkers in autoimmune rheumatic diseases - evidence ... — The overarching aim of this work was to clarify the meaning of specific biomarkers during autoimmune diseases; their possible role in confirming diagnosis, predicting outcome and suggesting specific treatments.
[218] Biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring autoimmune diseases — Current biomarker discovery efforts are focused on three groups of proteins reflective of the autoimmune disease process: (1) degradation products arising from destruction of affected tissues, (2) enzymes that play a role in tissue degradation and (3) cytokines and other proteins associated with immune activation.
[219] Biosensors for autoimmune diseases - ScienceDirect — Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (ADs) is usually based on symptoms and laboratory tests that measure the occurrence of serological and genetic biomarkers such as peptides, autoantibodies, and complement proteins. Early detection of AD is essential to reduce the severity of symptoms and organ damage as a result of progressive disease.
[221] Living with Autoimmune Diseases. True Stories of Struggle ... - Medium — By embracing a comprehensive approach to treatment, including both medical and lifestyle changes, people with autoimmune diseases can find a balance between living with the disease and living fully.
[223] Challenges, Progress, and Prospects of Developing Therapies to Treat ... — Autoimmune diseases are a result of the immune system being misdirected toward its host and have major and increasing unmet clinical needs. In general, present therapies are broadly acting and non-disease specific; consequently, they are associated with numerous side effects. Precise and early intervention strategies are urgently needed.
[230] Gene-environment interactions and their impact on human health — Often, genetic and environmental factors contribute to a given disease or phenotype in a non-additive manner, yielding a gene–environment (G × E) interaction. Herein, we broadly review G × E in the context of human health with a focus on how particular genetic and environmental factors synergistically increase disease risk. Gene × environment (G × E) interactions involve synergy between environmental risk factors and genetic variants. A model of G × E interaction originally defined in Ottman and further refined in Kauffmann and Demenais is depicted where the genetic risk variants and one or more environmental risk factor synergistically affect disease risk. Genetic variants identified in GWAS can increase disease risk through multiple means, including changing the amino acid of a protein, altering gene regulatory mechanisms, impacting RNA splicing, and affecting translation rates.
[231] Environmental Triggers and Autoimmunity - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — In this issue, we present a series of papers that review, discuss, and elaborate on various environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Campbell's review brings up essential facts about some of these environmental factors affecting not only the gut but also the mucosal immunity and describes gut microbiota links to autoimmune diseases. We have presented in this special issue a sampling of the many possible environmental triggers of AD, but we hope that the readers of Autoimmune Diseases will also take away from this collection one very important fact: detection of predictive biomarkers in the early stages of autoimmune disorders can be used to identify, halt, and even reverse autoimmune disease. Articles from Autoimmune Diseases are provided here courtesy of Wiley
[232] Autoimmune Disease Coping Strategies - Department of Medicine — This is Episode Twelve of "Autoimmune Disease: Pieces of the Picture." Delesha Miller Carpenter, PhD, MSPH describes strategies for coping with autoimmune disease, including specific behaviors patients can engage in to help cope with their disease, as well as the role of caregivers and support groups, and other topics to help those affected by an autoimmune disease. Dr. Carpenter is an
[233] Effective Communication Strategies for Patients with Autoimmune Diseases — “Many patients find it helpful to bring a written list of questions, medications, doses, a brief diary when symptoms are at their worst, and even a trusted friend or family member as support,” says Ruddy. AS SOMEONE WITH AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE HERSELF, RUDDY URGES HER PATIENTS TO SEE THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR DOCTOR AS A PARTNERSHIP. Autoimmune Terminology To Know For Your Next Doctor’s AppointmentWhile having guidance and support from your doctor is essential, taking control of your own health is important for planning and making informed decisions about your autoimmune disease. Autoimmune Disease Specialist SpotlightHow to find the right doctor to treat your specific autoimmune condition and how insurance factors in Finding a specialist to treat your autoimmune symptoms can be crucial to receiving an accurate diagnosis and developing a comprehensive treatment plan.
[234] Autoimmune Disease and Mental Health Strategies — Whether you’re navigating this journey yourself as patients or supporting someone who is, including caregivers, understanding these strategies can be a game-changer in coping with the complexities of autoimmune conditions and associated mental health challenges in the field of rheumatology. Many patients who face a chronic disease or serious illness diagnosis experience a whirlwind of emotions, including depression, psychological distress, and other mental health challenges. It ensures that those persons with autoimmune diseases receive the right care and support for their mental health conditions, alleviating distress in patients. They help manage the stress, distress, and anxiety that often accompany autoimmune diseases, addressing mental health challenges for patients and persons affected.
[235] Managing Mental Health with an Autoimmune Disease — Managing Mental Health with an Autoimmune Disease » Global Autoimmune Institute Managing Mental Health with an Autoimmune Disease Although there are many factors that can impact a person’s emotional balance, the interplay between mental health and autoimmune disease is a topic that should not be dismissed. Mental health challenges are a common experience among people with autoimmune disease and other chronic illnesses. When it comes to managing mental health with autoimmune disease, there are no easy solutions. There are also a number of ways that providers can center the mental health needs and challenges of autoimmune disease patients. Many patients agree that mental health is not discussed enough in the context of autoimmune disease treatment. Other aspects of autoimmune disease that can impact mental health or trigger mood disorders such as anxiety or depression:
[249] PDF — (2024) 19(7), 233-235 ISSN 1758-4272 Introduction Autoimmune diseases pose a formidable challenge to the field of medicine, representing a complex and multifaceted group of disorders characterized by the immune system's enigmatic betrayal of the body it is designed to protect. As we explore the common autoimmune diseases, we begin to discern a shared immunopathogenic framework that underlies their diverse clinical International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology Short Communication Abstract Autoimmune diseases encompass a wide range of disorders in which the immune system erroneously attacks the body’s own cells and tissues. Conclusion In our journey through the intricate landscape of autoimmune diseases, we have delved into the complex mechanisms underlying these disorders, navigating through the subtle interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and hormonal influences that contribute to the immune system's misguided assaults on the body's own tissues.
[250] A Review on Autoimmune Diseases: Recent Advances and ... - ResearchGate — Autoimmune diseases represent a diverse group of disorders characterized by immune-mediated attacks on the body's own tissues and organs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of
[251] PDF — Through a lens of diagnosis, treatment modalities, and ongoing research, we navigate the labyrinthine landscape of these conditions, aiming to shed light on the body's internal struggle and the evolving International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology Case Report Abstract Autoimmune diseases encompass a diverse group of complex disorders where the immune system, intended to protect the body, erroneously attacks its own cells and tissues. Keywords: Immune system • Self-tolerance • Rheumatoid arthritis • Systemic lupus erythematosus Understanding Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Ivy Clark* Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Clinical Rheumatology, University of Padova, Italy *Author for Correspondence: ivy.clark@gmail.com Received: 01-Jul-2024, Manuscript No. fmijcr-24-150661; Editor assigned: 03-Jul-2024, Pre-QC No. fmijcr-24-150661 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Jul-2024, QC No. fmijcr-24-150661; Revised: 22- Jul-2024, Manuscript No. fmijcr-24-150661 (R); Published: 29- Jul-2024, DOI: 10.37532/1758-4272.2024.19(7).254-257 255 Int. J.
[254] Autoimmune Disease and Patient Advocacy: A Guide to Empowerment — This blog post dives into the complex world of autoimmune diseases, vaccines, and underscores the critical role of patient advocacy, multistakeholder alliance, and vaccine safety in navigating this challenging journey through the health care system. Online communities, including regional support groups and patient advocates, have become lifelines for many dealing with autoimmune diseases, forming an alliance in health care. Patient advocacy groups play a crucial role in the healthcare journey of individuals with autoimmune diseases. Educational materials on autoimmune diseases can be found through healthcare providers, patient advocacy organizations, and reputable online platforms specializing in autoimmune conditions. Patient advocacy plays a crucial role in raising awareness about autoimmune diseases, influencing policy changes, and improving healthcare services for those affected.
[255] New genes, pathways and therapeutic targets in autoinflammatory diseases — Studies in 2023 have described eight new monogenic autoinflammatory diseases and their accompanying disease-causing mutations, uncovering clinical phenotypes, pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic
[257] Common genetic factors among autoimmune diseases | Science — Autoimmune diseases display a high degree of comorbidity within individuals and families, suggesting shared risk factors. Over the past 15 years, genome-wide association studies have established the polygenic basis of these common conditions and revealed widespread sharing of genetic effects, indicative of a shared immunopathology.
[258] Advances in RNA therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases — However, advances in high-throughput histology technology and scientific discoveries have led to the identification of various pathogenic factors contributing to ADs. Coupled with improvements in RNA nucleic acid-based drug synthesis, design, and delivery, RNA-based therapies have been extensively investigated for their potential in treating ADs. This paper reviews the progress in the use of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, mRNAs, and other RNA-based therapies in ADs, focusing on their therapeutic potential and application prospects, providing insights for future research and clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. As research progresses and new therapeutic targets are identified, RNA-based drugs offer new potential for managing ADs. This article reviews the current clinical applications and future prospects of RNA nucleic acid-based therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
[265] Autoimmune disease: a view of epigenetics and therapeutic targeting — Advances in sequencing technology have revealed that in addition to genetic susceptibility, various epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modification play critical roles in disease development. The emerging field of epigenetics has provided new perspectives on the pathogenesis and development of autoimmune diseases
[266] The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Disease — The contributions of epigenetics in autoimmune disease are complex and can involve global changes in epigenetic marks (ex: decrease in epigenetic marks throughout the genome in a certain cell type), epigenetic changes at specific sites on DNA, or a combination of both. ... We highlighted genetic susceptibility, gender and sex, lifestyle habits
[270] Effective Communication Strategies for Healthcare Providers of those ... — Effective communication between healthcare providers and patients is crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes, improving patient satisfaction, and enhancing overall healthcare experiences. "Where there are issues around communication is where you have a disease without any structural abnormalities," says Douglas Drossman, co-author of Gut Feelings: Doctors and Patient-Centered Care. How
[271] Communication between healthcare providers and communicatively ... — Communication between healthcare providers and communicatively-vulnerable patients with associated health outcomes: A scoping review of knowledge syntheses - ScienceDirect Communication between healthcare providers and communicatively-vulnerable patients with associated health outcomes: A scoping review of knowledge syntheses Communicatively vulnerable patients’ communication practices impacted health outcomes. Inclusion criteria: systematic searches and syntheses of literature; one or more providers and communicatively-vulnerable patients; synchronous in-person communication; intermediate or health outcome linked to communication. The search yielded 14,615 citations; 47 reviews – with wide range of providers, communication vulnerabilities, communication practices, and health outcomes – met inclusion criteria. Motivation-based practices and culturally- and linguistically-appropriate care have impacts on patient outcomes across a range of settings with different professions and communicatively-vulnerable groups.